运动药丸无法替代运动锻炼
运动药丸无法替代运动锻炼最近沙克机构的生物学研究人员在小鼠试验中发现了一种能使生物体不必每天运动锻炼即可增强运动耐力的物质，并报道在Cell杂志上。此机构致力于生物学及其与健康的关系方面的研究。媒体报道称此物质为不必运动锻炼的“运动药丸”。密苏里大学运动科学专家Frank Booth认为运动药丸研究并没有针对所有运动锻炼已知的益处进行测试，运动药丸不可能代替运动锻炼。
在Cell杂志上发表的名为“运动模拟学”的论文中，研究者指出AMPK-PPARδ通路（一种细胞信号系统）可作为口服药物的靶点以增强训练适应能力，甚至在不运动的前提下提高运动耐力。然而Booth告诫此篇论文并没有针对一些运动公认的益处进行试验，包括：
- 降低静息和亚极量运动心率；
- 增加所有运动负荷下的心脏每搏输出量；
- 增加运动时最大心脏输出量；
- 降低血压和动脉硬度；
- 增强有氧代谢能力；
此论文中未涉及的26项运动益处完整罗列如下：
此论文也没有提及如何预防长期不运动引起的慢性疾病。根据Katzmarzyk和Janssen2004年发表在Can J Appl Physiol上的研究，运动锻炼能降低一下风险：
- 冠状动脉疾病（降低45%的风险）
- 卒中（降低60%的风险）
- 高血压（降低30%的风险）
- 结肠癌（降低41%的风险）
- 乳腺癌（降低30%的风险）
- 2型糖尿病（降低50%的风险）
- 骨质疏松（降低59%的风险）
Booth认为在以AMPK-PPARδ通路为靶点的药物被证实能为人体带来上述运动益处之前，通过Cell杂志论文非常局限的试验就使用“运动模拟学”的字眼是不成熟的。基于Booth 40余年在运动适应性方面的研究经验，他希望Cell论文中研究的药物能部分地模仿运动。任何“运动药丸”为了抵抗不运动状态，都必须具备多基因性，或一次性控制多个基因；因此“运动药丸”不可能提供广义运动锻炼带来的所有益处。Booth认为Cell杂志上报道的药物并没有被确切地证实能模拟运动，这一点与媒体的报道相反。
Booth是密苏里大学医学院和兽医学院教授、道尔顿心血管研究中心研究员，具有超过40年生理学、生物化学、分子和基因适应性方面的研究经验，是应用生理学杂志（Journal of Applied Physiology）、美国生理学杂志（American Journal of Physiology）、细胞生理学（Cell Physiology）、生理基因组学（Physiological Genomics）和心脏代谢综合征（CardioMetabolic Syndrome）等杂志的编委。
公认的但未在此论文中涉及的运动益处包括：
- 降低静息和亚极量运动心率；
- 增加所有运动负荷下的心脏每搏输出量；
- 增加运动时最大心脏输出量；
- 降低血压和动脉硬度；
- 增强有氧代谢能力；
- 增加骨骼肌力量和横截面面积；
- 延缓随老化和运动减少引起的肌肉质量和力量的缺失；
- 改善平衡性和协调性；
- 改善柔韧性；
- 减少骨质疏松的发生；
- 减少关节压力和腰背疼痛；
- 减少胆结石的发生；
- 改善内皮系统功能；
- 降低心肌缺血的发生率；
- 减少缺血引起的心肌损伤；
- 减少氧化性应激；
- 减少炎症；
- 改善免疫功能；
- 减少肝脏脂肪变性和脂肪肝的发生；
- 改善胰岛素敏感性并降低2型糖尿病的风险；
- 减少抑郁、焦虑、心理压力、心理缺乏幸福感的可能；
- 改善高血脂：降低总胆固醇、升高高密度脂蛋白、降低血甘油三酯；
- 改善老年人认知功能；
- 增加下丘脑齿状回血流量和神经形成；
- 预防老年人脑血流量减少；
- 延缓老化引起的器官系统生理储备衰退；
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原文
Exercise Pill Is No Replacement For Exercise运动药丸无法替代运动
Recently, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, a research organization focused on biology and its relation to health, published a study in the journal Cell on the results of a substance that increased exercise endurance without daily exertion when tested in mice. Media reports have described this substance as an "exercise pill," potentially eliminating the need for exercise. Frank Booth, a University of Missouri expert on the science of inactivity, says the "exercise pill" study did not test all of the commonly known benefits of exercise and taking the pill cannot be considered a replacement for exercise.
In the Cell paper "Exercise Mimetics" the researchers demonstrated that AMPK-PPARδ pathways, which is a cellular messenger system, can be targeted by orally active drugs to enhance training adaptation or even to increase endurance without exercise. However, Booth cautions that some of the commonly known benefits of exercise were not tested in the Cell paper including:
- Decreased resting and submaximal exercise heart rate
- Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
- Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
- Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
- Increased aerobic capacity
A complete list of the 26 benefits not tested in the paper is included below.
The prevention of the increased risk of chronic disease produced by lifelong physical inactivity also was not tested in the Cell paper. According to Katzmarzyk & Janssen (Can J Appl Physiol 29:90, 2004), human physical activity decreases the risk of:
- Coronary artery disease (decreases risk by 45 percent)
- Stroke (decreases risk by 60 percent)
- Hypertension (decreases risk by 30 percent)
- Colon cancer (decreases risk by 41 percent)
- Breast cancer (decreases risk by 30 percent)
- Type 2 diabetes (decreases risk by 50 percent)
- Osteoporosis (decreases risk by 59 percent)
Until targeting AMPK-PPARδ pathways by drugs is shown to have all the above listed exercise benefits in humans, it is premature to use the term "exercise mimetics" from the very limited observations of the Cell paper, Booth said. Booth's expectation, based upon his more than 40 years of research experience in exercise and physical inactivity adaptations, is that the drugs in the Cell paper will only partially imitate exercise. In order for any "exercise pill" to counter physical inactivity, the pill must be polygenic, or control many genes at once; therefore the Cell drugs are not likely to provide all of the benefits of comprehensive physical activity. In Booth's opinion, the drugs used in the Cell paper were not conclusively proven to mimic exercise, contrary to media reports.
Booth has more than 40 years of research experience in physiological, biochemical, molecular and genetic adaptations that occur during exercise. He is a professor in the MU College of Veterinary Medicine and the MU School of Medicine and a research investigator in the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center. He is a member of the editorial boards of Journal of Applied Physiology, American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, Physiological Genomics and CardioMetabolic Syndrome.
Commonly known benefits of exercise not tested in the Cell paper were:
- Decreased resting and submaximal exercise heart rate
- Increased heart stroke volume at all exercise work loads
- Increased maximal exercise cardiac output
- Lower blood pressure and arterial stiffness
- Increased aerobic capacity
- Increased strength and cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle
- Delayed loss of muscle mass and strength with aging and physical frailty
- Improved balance and coordination
- Improved flexibility
- Reduced osteoporosis
- Reduced joint stress and back pain
- Decreased gallstone disease
- Improved endothelial function
- Decreased incidence of myocardial ischemia
- Less myocardial damage from ischemia
- Decreased oxidative stress
- Decreased inflammation
- Improved immune function
- Decreased liver steatosis and fatty liver disease
- Improved insulin sensitivity and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
- Less likelihood of depression, anxiety, stress and poor psychological well-being
- Ameliorating hyperlipidemia: lower total cholesterol, higher HDL, and decreased blood triglycerides
- Improved cognitive function in the elderly
- Increased blood flow and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hypothalamus
- Prevention of the loss of brain volume in the elderly
- Delay in decline of physiological reserve in organ systems with aging 支持Frank Booth！ [b]Are "exercise pills" the answer to the growing problem of physical inactivity?[/b]
[url]http://bjsm.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/42/11/562?etoc[/url]
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