营养与内稳态
营养是维持内稳态的必需条件之一，但额外的营养只要不破坏现有内稳态，就不会产生影响。附录一是一个例子。
附录一 【medical-news】饮食中肌酸对COPD病人体能训练无益
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=12745302&sty=1&tpg=1&age=0[/url]
纽约（路透社 健康）8月12日——一项针对慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者补充肌酸增强体能训练的随机，安慰剂对照试验发现，运动对肺功能恢复非常有效，但是补充肌酸并不能增强运动的效果。
英国莱切斯特NHS托拉斯大学医院的Sarah J. Deacon博士和其同事在8月1日刊的《美国呼吸和危重病学杂志》中写道，饮食补充肌酸，一种天然成份，能通过提高的高强度运动训练来增加正常受试者的肌肉量。
研究小组采用饮食补充肌酸及安慰剂对照，对100名COPD患者进行了7周的肺康复比较。80名病人完成了此项实验。
肺康复实验完成后测量一系列肌肉的评估指标，发现补充肌酸组和安慰剂组各项指标无明显差异。
甚至肌肉活检证实肌酸摄取增加，两组间指标仍无差异，往返行走距离增量上，肌酸组84米，安慰剂组83.8米，膝伸肌做功，肌酸组19.2牛米，安慰剂组19.5牛米。
Deacon博士和其同事总结，这项研究强有力的支持肺康复锻炼有大量益处，显著改善一系列测量结果，包括力量，功能测量和健康状况。
然而，他们无法解释为何肌肉肌酸增加不能增强体能，未来的研究可能进一步揭示肌酸补充对肌肉蛋白合成和氧化应激的效果。
美国胸科协会的前总裁John Heffner博士，在一次ATS的发布会上评价这项研究，其最终证实了肺康复锻炼是COPD综合治疗必备的一部分。该研究的成果使得肺康复治疗成功获取医疗拨款，该款项曾是我们进步的主要障碍。 Homeostasis & Science Based Nutrition
[url]http://pages.prodigy.net/naturedoctor/homeostasis.html[/url]
A very basic principle of Naturopathic Medicine is re-storing, stabilizing, then strengthening, and then maintaining a very complete / rounded state of “Homeostasis.” Homeostasis is a condition by which the biological / physical body is not lacking any nutrients; that all needed nutritional components are readily available in their proper forms and amounts so every biological function can operate unimpeded. When various nutrients are lacking, some bodily functions will be undernourished. The “essential” bodily functions will receive their proper nutrients first so life can continue. “Non-essential” bodily functions will then suffer due to lack of all nutrients needed for their full function. Examples of non-essential bodily functions are: hair, skin, sexual function, muscles, tendons, vertebral discs, etc. Examples of essential bodily functions are: heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, etc. After the body has received all the nutrients it needs for the essential bodily functions, then the non-essential complaint receives its needed nutritional components and those complaints will usually resolve on their own.
While conventional medical procedures might focus only on the symptoms of the non-essential complaints when those are the patient’s primary complaints (using lots of drug therapy); restoring complete homeostasis usually allows both the non-essential plus the essential problems to be repaired naturally, at the same time.
It is not enough just to take a daily multiple vitamin / mineral tablet. Often, many other natural supplementations will be required (some short term), to return your health back to normal. Science Based Nutrition is based upon repeatable testing and can be monitored as often as needed by retesting. Blood, hair, urine and stool must be tested. (The blood test must be complete! Most insurance companies only allow certain parts of a blood test to be performed.) A very complete medical history, detailed list of current symptoms, plus a list of all past and present prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs must be analyzed. All drugs, whether over-the-counter or prescription, have negative side effects and almost always deplete some essential nutrients, even if those nutrients are consumed in normal amounts. The amounts of toxins, heavy metal toxicity, etc, will also dictate what additional nutritional factors will be needed to repair a lacking state of Homeostasis and address the problems caused by those negative influences and potential toxic poisonings. Exposure to environmental toxins, work related toxins, etc., will also influence the nutrients depleted / now required. Emotional stresses also play a very strong role.
We now know from recent medical discoveries, there can be up to a 10,000 % increase in nutritional needs from one patient to another. (Revealed through the discovery of “Single Nucleotide Polymorphins,” of which, over 2 million SNPs have already been identified.)
To think that all human beings have identical nutritional needs without any further thoughts or considerations, is unsound.
All of the above factors, plus more, must be computed when determining the best “therapeutic” nutritional program for each patient as a single individual.
Some dietary changes are almost always required. Some specific foods may be recommended to you due-to their nutritional value, in your particular state of health. Plus, some other foods are “empty” in nutritional value, while others may be over-loaded with unnatural components like “trans fatty acids” verses “ natural “cis fatty acids.” Food additives and food colorings also cause many problems and can substantially increase the needs for certain nutritional factors.
All of these components, including others, must be included to determine what therapeutic nutritional factors are needed to bring back a healthy state of “homeostasis.” Thorough retesting can demonstrate improvements in health long before physical changes are experienced, thus assuring the patient that he/she is progressing nicely.
脂肪细胞也有抗炎作用
科学家在脂肪细胞里发现一种过去不曾知道的、对有害炎症有抑制作用的分子信号通路。但是，肥胖造成的细胞应力可以改变这种具有保护作用的功能，使其引发有胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和其他代谢紊乱危险的慢性炎症。哈佛大学公共卫生学院（HSPH）的研究人员首次证明，脂肪细胞含有一种具有保护作用的抗炎免疫机制。这种机制可以预防细胞对一些诱导炎症的刺激，如食物中的脂肪酸，不至于产生过度的反应。这一信号通路可以平衡促炎、胰岛素抵抗以及心脏病等信号链。体型瘦的人这些通路维持在一个健康的平衡状态。过度肥胖会破坏这种通路的保护作用，使其偏向促进炎症的通路上。科学家还发现了决定在不同情况下哪些通路被激活的分子开关。通过这一发现我们就可以开发一些药物，使其偏向有保护作用的一边，这样就可以抑制一些炎症，降低胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和其他疾病的发病危险。在证明这个通路和分子开关的同时，科学家还进一步了解了肥胖是如何通过脂肪细胞产生信号而对健康产生不利影响的。
HSPH的研究人员在过去发现，随着肥胖，脂肪细胞会产生促炎刺激物，如游离脂肪酸。这些刺激会激活脂肪组织里的免疫细胞—M1巨噬细胞。这些细胞再释放具有促炎作用的细胞因子，如α-肿瘤细胞坏死因子，引起脂肪组织机能障碍和胰岛素抵抗。细胞因子是免疫细胞之间进行通信的化学信使，它们也可以由脂肪细胞来产生。另外一种M2巨噬细胞具有相反的作用，它可以抑制游离脂肪酸引起的炎症反应。诱导M2巨噬细胞的过程被认为是“选择性激活”。到目前为止，控制脂肪组织里的M2巨噬细胞激活的机制还不清楚，也可能是脂肪细胞自身控制这一过程。有的研究者认为，实际上脂肪细胞在促成了巨噬细胞的去向。
研究者认为，激活脂肪组织M2通路的是脂肪细胞产生的各种细胞因子。这些Th2的细胞因子包括IL13和IL4（M1的激活是通过其它的细胞因子）。研究人员发现，Th2激活的关键是巨噬细胞里的PPAR-d。PPAR-d是接收Th2细胞因子信号、开启M2巨噬细胞激活基因的“核心受体”。小鼠实验证明，敲除PPAR-d后就不能开启M2巨噬细胞通路。给予高脂肪饮食后，这些小鼠就会肥胖，对胰岛素也会产生抵抗，说明PPAR-d是两条通路的关键开关。让研究人员惊讶的是，同样的开关机制在肝细胞中也存在，它们在肝脏中控制脂肪的代谢。缺乏PPAR-d的小鼠会出现脂肪肝，人类在代谢障碍时也会出现同样的疾病。
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