斗牛的科学
斗牛的英文为bullfight，公牛为corrida, 母牛为tienta。比较Agüera等人（2001）的研究和Saltin（1986）的综述可以发现，用于斗牛的牛和运动员有很多相似的地方。
斗牛要使用红布。但关于这方面的一些细节在文献上难以查到【PubMed：bullfight*[Title/Abstract]】，有兴趣的网友请予以提供。
附录一和二讨论了植物神经和队服颜色在运动中的作用，附录三讨论了红色与性感的联系（也可以参考本系列中2008-10-29大志的帖子）。这里我想研究，斗牛的红布在斗牛士和斗牛之间的互动中扮演什么样的角色。
附录一 【专题讨论】植物神经在运动中的作用：足球比赛结果预测
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附录二 【讨论】Effects of Sportswear Colour on Contest Outcome
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附录三 【medical-news】男人为何痴迷于红色女郎
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参考文献
Agüera EI, Muñoz A, Castejón FM, Essén-Gustavsson B. 2001. Skeletal muscle fibre characteristics in young and old bulls and metabolic response after a bullfight. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2001 Jun;48(5):313-9. Fibre type composition, activities of enzymes such as citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as glycogen, lactate and pH levels were analysed in muscle biopsies (m. gluteus medius) obtained after bullfighting from 10 young and 10 old bulls. No changes were seen in fibre type composition between groups, but the older bulls had higher HAD and LDH activities. Low glycogen concentrations and low pH values were found in both groups, but the lactate concentration after bullfighting was higher in the older group of bulls. The histochemical stain for glycogen revealed that type IIB fibres in both young and old bulls contained more glycogen than seen in type IIA and type I fibres. These results show that young and old bulls have similar muscle fibre type composition, but the metabolic capacity differs, with a higher glycolytic capacity and lactate production in older bulls. Furthermore, it seems that the physical and emotional stress in connection with a bullfight causes a marked depletion of glycogen, especially of type I and IIA fibres.
Saltin B. 1986. Physiological adaptation to physical conditioning. Old problems revisited. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1986;711:11-24. Three classical problems in the field of man's adaptive response to exercise are reviewed. A case is made for the pump capacity of the heart limiting maximal oxygen uptake in man. This conclusion is based on findings that the capacity of skeletal muscle of man markedly surpasses that of the heart supplying it with a flow and thereby oxygen. It is suggested that only one third of the muscle mass of man can fully tax the capacity of the heart and consume the oxygen delivered by the heart. If a larger muscle mass is intensely engaged in the exercise, vasoconstriction must occur in the arterioles of the exercising limbs to avoid a reduction in blood pressure. Evidence is presented that a decrease in heart rate at submaximal exercise-observed after a period of physical conditioning, is caused by an altered autonomic chronotropic activity to heart, which most likely is due to a less potent feed back reflex from exercising muscles. The enlarged stroke volume is secondary to a larger diastolic filling, which via a Frank-Starling mechanism results in an elevation in the stroke volume. Last, it is argued that the altered metabolic response to exercise after physical conditioning, i.e. the larger lipid oxidation and reduced lactate production, results from local regulatory mechanisms rather than from changes in supply of oxygen, substrates, or hormones. Further, the muscle metabolic response to exercise is thought to play a major role in modulating systemic cardiovascular regulation in exercise.tientatienta
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-10-31 04:05 PM 编辑 [/i]] 实际上，牛是名副其实的色盲。曾经就有位好奇的动物学家，就让斗牛士分别持黑色、白色和绿色等布站到牛的面前，结果牛的表现都如同见到红色一样。可见，牛并不是见到红色就会发怒，其实，红色刺激的并不是牛，而恰恰是全场观众，因为红色能引起人的情绪的兴奋和激动，可以增强表演的效果，而牛在出场之前，总是被人很长时间地关在牛栏里，变得暴怒不安，再加上红披风的晃动，它一出场，就恶狠狠地找人报复。
因此，牛与红色并无关系斗牛场上，那使牛生气的并不是那红布的颜色，而是生气那布老在眼着晃动，而用红色则是引起牛的注意罢了。你跑得越快，牛眼中的你也就摇晃得越快，所以就死命追了上来。
犬的色觉
犬所能辨别的颜色与人类红绿色盲所看到的颜色一样（见附件），大概牛也差不多。[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-2-18 12:05 AM 编辑 [/i]]
马的色觉
下面的研究表明，马所能辨别的颜色与人类红绿色盲所看到的颜色一样。Hanggi EB, Ingersoll JF, Waggoner TL. 2007. Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test. J Comp Psychol. 2007 Feb;121(1):65-72.
In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies.
哺乳动物的色觉
In primates, the green and red cones are recognized by COS-1, but in mammals in which only onemiddle-to-long wavelength (green) sensitive cone type occurs
Nuboer JFW. 1986. A comparative view on color vision. Netherlands] Zool. 1986; 36:344-380.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-2-18 12:36 AM 编辑 [/i]] 深受启发，无怪乎体育学术界有 眼动研究的呀，视觉在运动中的作用是毫无疑问的:laugh: [b][color=red]红色更性感或有生物学根源
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如果女人希望让男人对她着迷,她也许应该穿红色衣服。
美国研究人员今天说,男人认为照片中穿红色衣服的女性或是边缘为红色而不是其它颜色的照片中的女性更性感。
美国纽约州罗切斯特大学心理学教授安德鲁·埃利奥特领导的这项研究似乎证实,红色是浪漫的颜色。多年来,众多情人节卡片生产商和口红商家也是这样认为的。
埃利奥特说,尽管这种“红色警报”可能是人类社会世世代代将红色与爱情联系在一起的结果,但它也可能有更原始的生物学根源。
埃利奥特提到人类和高级灵长类动物的遗传相似性。他说,科学家们证明,某些雄性灵长类动物特别容易受到呈红色的同类雌性的吸引。例如,雌性狒狒和黑猩猩在接近排卵期时呈现出红色,发出雄性无法抵挡的性信号。
埃利奥特在接受电话采访时说:“鉴于我们的进化遗传性,将红色作为吸引信号这个反应可能是非常深奥的生物学自发倾向。”埃利奥特的研究结果发表在美国《人的性格和社会心理杂志》上。
有100多名男性参与了这项研究,其中大部分是大学生。研究人员向他们展示了女性的照片并要求他们就照片中女性的漂亮程度、他们多想吻这名女性以及多想和她发生性关系打分。
这些男性看了同一名女性的照片,有些照片边缘是红色,有些是白色、灰色或绿色。尽管这是同一名女性的同一张照片,但是,男性们认为,这名女性在红色边缘照片里比在其它颜色边缘照片里显得更吸引人。
然后,这些男性看了一名女性完全一样的照片,只是研究人员用数码技术将其中一些照片里这名女性裙子的颜色变为红色,将剩下的照片中裙子的颜色变为蓝色。男性们再次对女性穿红裙子表现出强烈好感。
这些男性还被问及:“假设你要与这个人约会并且钱包里有100美元。你愿意在你的约会对象身上花多少钱?”当这名女性穿红衣服时,男性们愿意在她身上花的钱更多。
研究人员指出,红色并未改变男性对照片中的女性在可爱程度、智力和亲切度方面的评分,只是改变了吸引力方面的评分。
研究人员随后让一群年轻女性就照片中的女性是否漂亮进行打分。他们发现,红色对女性评价其他女性是否漂亮没有影响。
这项研究的对象不包括男同性恋者和色盲男性。
来源:《参考消息》2008-10-29
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