饮食方式与体育定位：20080121 穷人的膳食指南
生活方式与疾病的联系逐渐引起人们的关注（附录一）。饮食方式是生活方式的主要内容之一，合理饮食是避免生活方式疾病的主要手段之一（附录一）。
Wahlqvist等人（1999）从流行病学的角度研究了进餐方式与肥胖的关系。
Wirfält等人（2001）进一步从流行病学的角度研究了食品类型与代谢综合征之间的关系，Dietary patterns dominated by fiber bread (comparatively high in several micronutrients) provide protective effects, while food patterns high in refined bread or in cheese, cake, and alcoholic beverages (with lower intakes of several micronutrients) increase the risk for several components of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, food patterns in which a high proportion of energy is derived from milk-fat-based dietary spreads indicated protective relations with hyperinsulinemia in women. The findings imply that differences between genders in the observed effects of food patterns on health depend not only on gender differences in cell metabolism but also on food selection differences as well as on variation in confounders (such as obesity, underreporting of energy, and other lifestyle factors) across food patterns.
这些研究都是现象学的研究，似乎还没有人从人类学的角度研究饮食方式的变迁。这里给出一个猜想，供有兴趣的网友一起探讨。
典型的西方人的祖先是游牧民族，肉食文化是与骑射等高强度大运动量相关联的。进入文明社会之后，运动负荷都大大降低，但肉食方式依然保持，导致饮食过量和大量疾病的出现。Lee等人（2000）用流行病学方法跟踪研究了哈佛毕业生，他们发现只有大强度的运动才能显著降低死亡率。其实，这些大强度运动只不过用于回归与肉食方式所匹配的生活方式。如果限制热量——采用与办公室生活协调的饮食方式，就没有必要采用大强度运动来降低死亡率了。
典型的东方人的祖先是农耕民族，素食文化（以素食为主，间或肉食）是借助牛等农耕等低强度小运动量相关联的。进入文明社会运动负荷进一步降低，但引进了西方的肉食文化，导致饮食过量和大量疾病的出现。
研究发现（陈瑗等2004），不但限制热量可以延长寿命，降低运动量照样可以取得同样的效果。
面对饮食过剩，专家都建议适量运动。其实，运动的主要目的只不过为了消耗过量的饮食。我认为，问题的关键是限制热量。
进一步研究表明，限制热量引起的变化（陈瑗等2004）与高强度运动有很多相似的地方，详细的对比研究正在进行。
参考文献
Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr. 2000. Associations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Feb 1;151(3):293-9. Physical activity is associated with better health; however, the optimal intensity of activity remains unclear. A total of 13,485 men (mean age, 57.5 years) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study reported their walking, stair climbing, and sports/recreation in 1977. Between 1977 and 1992, 2,539 died. After adjusting for the different activity components, distance walked and storeys climbed independently predicted longevity (p, trend = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). Light activities (<4 multiples of resting metabolic rate (METs)) were not associated with reduced mortality rates, moderate activities (4-<6 METs) appeared somewhat beneficial, and vigorous activities (> or =6 METs) clearly predicted lower mortality rates (p, trend = 0.72, 0.07, and <0.001, respectively). These data provide some support for current recommendations that emphasize moderate intensity activity; they also clearly indicate a benefit of vigorous activity.(免费阅读 [url]http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/151/3/293[/url]，全文见附件)
Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-blazos A, Wattanapenpaiboon N. 1999. The significance of eating patterns: an elderly Greek case study.
Appetite. 1999 Feb;32(1):23-32. Eating patterns are a relatively neglected area of nutrition assessment with considerable potential health importance. Cross-cultural and socio-anthropological studies provide insight into the great range of food patterns which are related to health, biochemical measurements and anthropometry. The International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) study of aged folk in food-culturally disparate communities has provided opportunities to explore these issues. This paper uses cross-sectional data from the Greek arms of the IUNS study to explore associations between eating pattern variables (number of meals, time of meals, main meal for lunch and/or dinner, meal plus alcohol) and with the prevalence of self-reported heart disease and diabetes, body fatness, blood lipids, blood glucose and the overall variety of foods consumed. The eating pattern variables were not associated with blood lipids, self-reported heart disease or diabetes. Body fatness was negatively associated with the consumption of a greater number of meals/snacks daily (p<0.01), with the consumption of two cooked meals daily (p<0. 05) or when the main meal was consumed at lunch time (p<0.05) and when breakfast was consumed earlier rather than later in the morning (p<0.01). Later dinner times were positively correlated with a higher fasting blood glucose in non-diabetic elderly Greeks (p<0. 0005). A more varied diet was positively associated with the consumption of alcohol with dinner (p<0.0001) and with a greater number of meals/snacks daily (p<0.0001). These findings suggest that adherence to the traditional Greek eating pattern may be protective against obesity and appears to promote greater food variety. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Wirfält E, Hedblad B, Gullberg B, Mattisson I, Andrén C, Rosander U, Janzon L, Berglund G. 2001.Food patterns and components of the metabolic syndrome in men and women: a cross-sectional study within the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 15;154(12):1150-9. （可以免费阅读[url]http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/12/1150[/url]）
陈瑗 周玫. 2004. 自由基与衰老. 北京：人民卫生出版社. 第七章
附录一 医学专家：“生活方式疾病” 将成人类主要杀手
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[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-1-22 10:22 AM 编辑 [/i]]
德国科学家：“懒惰”比锻炼更能使人长寿
德国科学家皮特·阿克斯特近日给那些不喜欢通过运动来增进健康、延长寿命的“懒惰”人带来了福音，这位大学教授指出，在经过一天繁忙的工作之后，如果能够在沙发上懒散地躺上一会儿要较之参加体育锻炼更有益健康。阿克斯特教授最近与他人合作编写了一部名为《懒散给你带来快乐》的新书，他在接受记者采访时表示：那些工作了一天之后以懒散方式休息的人要比通过体育活动达到健身目的的人更聪明。另外，每天中午进行小睡的人也比那些利用午休时间去打壁球的人更容易长寿。当然，一个人如果终日闲坐，四肢不动，整个机体得不到应有的活动，会导致血脉不畅，肌肉逐渐萎缩，内脏器官也会加速退行性的改变，使衰老来得更快。如果一个人饱食终日，无所事事，百无聊赖，不仅思想空虚，而且时间一久，会产生一种失落感，这些感觉会使人精神萎靡不振，情绪抑郁，甚至导致机体各器官的生理功能紊乱，影响身心健康。
阿克斯特教授也承认，适度的体育锻炼，例如在闲暇时散步或是慢跑而不是在工作间隙抽空锻炼以及避免吃得过饱对于人体有益，但如果体育锻炼超过了一定限度，就会对健康产生不利影响。阿克斯特说：勤快和“懒惰”有一个“度”的问题，这个“度”要自己掌握：运动量不足等于没运动，而运动量过大则有害无益了，个人的健康情况不同，怎样掌握勤快和运动量的“度”自然也不会相同。如果在50多岁以前一直坚持过量长跑，那么这只会使你用于其他方面的精力显得不足。例如，你可能会因此而受到记忆力衰退的困扰，或者过早地显示出老态。有人说：生命在于运动，这话不假。
[url]http://health.sohu.com/31/04/harticle17390431.shtml[/url]
行为内稳态特异的饮食方式
宇宙万物满足人择原理（附录一），饮食方式也应该不能例外。因此，应该根据每个人独特的行为方式选择饮食方式。机体可以形成行为方式特异的内稳态（附录二）（behavior-specific homeostasis, BSH）。饮食方式应该维持BSH，可以称之为BSH特异的饮食方式（BSH-specific food pattern, BFP）。运动是运动员的行为。项目特异的内稳态（sport-specific homeostasis, SSH）（附录二）是BSH的一种特殊形式。运动员的BFP应该足以维持SSH。遗憾的是，大部份中国的运动员的饮食方式所提供的热量超过SSH的需要，必须以额外的运动来消耗超过的部分才能维持SSH。尤其是需要控制体重的项目，营养过剩导致体重超标，必须用特别的节食来降低体重，因此带来一系列严重问题，例如女性运动员停经等。
办公一族亦或普通的师生的活动量很低，其BFP应该以低热量为特征。遗憾的是，他们现有的饮食方式却与运动员的BFP接近。这种饮食方式显然对其BSH造成一种经常性的应激。正如Lee等人（2000）的研究所表明的那样，这种饮食方式只能与大强度的运动相匹配。现在大多数办公一族亦或普通的师生将饮食作为享受生活的一种方式，选择过量饮食，再选择身体运动来消耗多余的热量。更加离谱的是，大部份过量饮食者并没有选择足够的运动量，尤其是，东方人。这样就造就了一大批生活方式疾病患者。
在这里人择原理受到违背，人成了宇宙的奴役。
可悲！
在这里尤其要呼吁的是，营养学研究严重滞后的严重后果。人们没有深入研究营养规律，只是用局部营养过剩来解决所谓的营养问题，导致问题更加严重。
参考文献
Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS Jr. 2000. Associations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity with longevity. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Feb 1;151(3):293-9.
关于运动对长寿的影响可以用“longevity[Title/Abstract] AND physical [Title/Abstract]”检索PubMed
附录一 [讨论] 人择原理
[url]http://www.tiyuol.com/thread-3285-1-1.html[/url]
附录二 [原创] 内稳态理论
[url]http://www.tiyuol.com/thread-3126-1-1.html[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-11-30 08:36 AM 编辑 [/i]]
长寿乡的生活方式
中国的长寿之乡有江苏如皋、湖北钟祥和广西巴马等（附录）。它们有许多类似的地方，这里以巴马为例进行详细分析。巴马是现代社会中还存在的典型的农耕社会，人们的主要行为就是农耕劳动（伍业光等2007），与这种行为相匹配的饮食方式则是低热量、低脂肪、低动物蛋白、低盐、低糖;高维生素和高纤维（付鹏等2007）。巴马人长寿的事实（伍业光等2007）说明了这种行为与饮食相匹配的方式是成功的生活方式，值得现代人尤其是城市人和正在城市化的人们的借鉴。
今天（2007 11 30）的南方都市报A16-18深度报道了云南一个贫困地区拖布卡，小学生因为营养引起维生素B1缺乏导致群体性末稍神经炎。借鉴巴马的情况，拖布卡只不过是没有注意营养搭配，只要补充维生素B1或补充富含维生素B1的西红柿即可。实际上，糙米中就含有维生素B1，淘米时留下淘米水加工食用，就可以改善维生素B1缺乏。相比之下，城里的小学生局部营养过剩导致的生活方式疾病就没有这么简单的解决办法，有的学生甚至不得不停学。
现在地球上贫困地区还非常多（Borlaug 2007），研究行为饮食匹配的营养学比简单的贫富救济更加切实可行。补不足容易，但去过剩就非常难。缺的一旦补上，问题就可以解决。但吃进身体的垃圾要消除，就象世界上没有后悔药一样，非常困难。相对于都市病态的生活方式，贫困地区的生活方式反而更加健康，只要注重就地取材的营养搭配，贫困生活方式可以说是人类需要回归的幸福生活方式。
参考文献
Borlaug N. 2007. Feeding a hungry world. Science. 2007 Oct 19;318(5849):359. (可以免费阅读[url]http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/318/5849/359[/url])
付鹏; 谢琪; 陈进超. 2007. 广西巴马长寿村80岁以上老人营养状况及慢性病调查. 中国老年学杂志. 27(19): 1919-1921.
伍业光; 张国兵; 张春林; 李志彬; 陈进超. 2007. 广西巴马长寿地区80岁以上农村老人成功老龄检出率及影响因素. 中国行为医学科学. 16(5): 441-443（全文见附件）.
外文发表的研究可以用“Bama[Title/Abstract] AND Guangxi [Title/Abstract]”在PubMed检索。
附录 长寿秘诀：健康的饮食习惯
[url]http://hhstone.vip.sina.com/jk07031.htm[/url]
中国长寿之乡的老人们他们的长寿秘诀是什么？我们又怎样应
用在自己的生活中，使我们的生活更健康。
在江苏如皋市日前举行的第三届长寿文化节活动中，中国长寿
之乡江苏如皋、湖北钟祥、广西巴马的代表们一致认为，健康的饮
食习惯与长寿食品是长寿的关键。
巴马人在食谱中少不了“长寿汤”——火麻汤。火麻是珍贵的
油料作物，火麻仁是目前所有常见的食用植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含
量最高的。经常食用这种特殊油脂，可降低血压和胆固醇，防止血
管硬化，达到延缓衰老和润肠通便的目的。
巴马人以素食为主，饮食特点是低脂肪、低蛋白、低盐、低热
量和高维生素，高纤维素。他们的主食以玉米粥辅以白薯和各类蔬
菜、豆类，增强了食物营养的互补作用。
巴马百岁老人青年时期由于社会因素均有饥饿史。进入老年后，
他们的饮食有节制，日食两餐至三餐，从不暴饮暴食。
如皋百岁老人中有74％的人每天都是早晚吃粥，中午吃干饭。
吃粥减少了热量摄入，可防止肥胖发生，也减少了高血压、心脏病、
糖尿病等的发病概率。
另外，如皋百岁老人吃粥的主要用料是粳米、玉米面等，按中
医观点，它们具有健脾养胃的特殊功效。大多数老人吃菜荤素兼有，
以素为主。78％的百岁老人以喝白开水为主，喝浓茶的仅占 7%,
89％的百岁老人吃饭不挑食。
如皋盛产萝卜、及萝卜制品，而这些东西富含维生素和纤维素，
常吃不但可以均衡营养，还可以带走身体中的有害物质，是养生佳
品。如皋丰富的豆制品还为老人们提供了充足的蛋白质来源。如皋
特产的黄酒更是许多百岁老人必备的饮品，其中含有蛋白质、酶，
微量元素，对身体很有好处。
在湖北钟祥，百岁老人大多坚持一日三餐，他们普遍喜食山野
食品，如香菇、木耳、葛粉等。野生葛粉富含淀粉、蛋白质等多种
营养成分及钙，铁，铜等10多种人体必需的微量元素，具有清凉解
热、生津止渴、抗菌解毒、降低血压、治疗冠心病之功效。钟祥的
“长寿三绝”是蟠龙菜、香干子、葛粉。
石丹
摘自《石油工人保》2006.12.12-07 健康快车
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-11-30 09:06 AM 编辑 [/i]]
体育的定位
如果采用行为内稳态特异的饮食方式，体育的定位就回归到一种普通的行为。体育与音乐、美术、商业活动和学术活动等行为一样，不能以过量饮食为借口凌驾于一切行为之首。
从这个角度来看，只有竞技运动将体育上升为一个职业，全民健身便失去夸大的光环。
显然，无论是学校音乐或学校艺术，都只不过是一种基础文明或职业准备而已，难以想象有什么全民音乐或全民艺术之类的概念。只要将体育回归为一种普通的行为，学校体育便只能处于与学校音乐或学校艺术同样的地位。
同理，音乐或艺术只不过是一种普通的职业选择，难以想象用什么举国体制来予以发展。只要将体育回归为一种普通职业，举国体制便没有存在的价值了。
由此看来，体育的提升完全是由于畸形的饮食方式造成的。只要将饮食方式提升到合理的位置，体育便会失去光环，回归为一种普通的行为。
但愿这一天早日到来。
一些有参考价值的帖子
【medical-news】禁食可能对心脏有裨益作用[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=10387512&sty=1&tpg=6&age=0[/url]
【medical-news】低热量：健康生命的延长法则
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=10072296&sty=1&tpg=27&age=0[/url]
【社会人文】节食和锻炼长寿的新线索
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=9586963&sty=1&tpg=55&age=0[/url]
【medical-news】饮食中的碳水化合物与老年失明有关
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=9648877&sty=1&tpg=56&age=0[/url]
【科普】法国人保持体形秘诀: 少吃慢吃
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=9260937&sty=1&tpg=89&age=0[/url]
【文摘发布】AusDiab研究：运动与人体的代谢健康
[url]http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=116&id=10435876&tpg=1&ppg=1&sty=1#10440471[/url]
从生物进化寻找久坐的健康模式
乌龟、树獭（附录二和三）、...，动物界不乏懒惰之辈，它们独有健康的生活方式，为什么唯独人类久坐就会带来危险（附录一）呢？本人认为构成现行久坐方式的危险因素来自饮食。运动模式相适应的饮食方式与久坐之间不能协调共存，除非用额外锻炼消耗营养的局部过剩。
其实，久坐可以获得健康的生活方式，那就是寻找与久坐相适应的饮食方式。可以估计这是一种乌龟或树獭式的饮食模式。本人的生活方式就与此类似。我是素食者，久坐，基本不运动。八年前开始素食，起初饭量很大，体重不断增加。饭量逐渐减少，体重得以维持。今年暑假陪女儿天天游泳，体重减到标准体重。现在每餐米饭不到1两，但有大量的蔬菜，体重维持不变。八年来，每次体检，各项指标正常。
我的这种苦行僧式的生活方式，可能很多文明的人无法适应。面对这样的局面，久坐的人们只能选择用运动来消耗局部过剩的营养。如果做不到足够的运动，久坐当然就非常危险了。
附录一 久坐是致死的主要潜在原因
[url]http://bbs.tiyuol.com/thread-4669-1-1.html[/url]
附录二 什么是树獭?????????
[url]http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/14230633.html?fr=qrl3[/url]
可以用sloth[Title/Abstract]在PubMed检索关于树獭的医学研究
附录三 树懒不懒
[url]http://www.lifeomics.com/web/guest/7?p_p_id=114_INSTANCE_0Mlq&p_p_action=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=2&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_struts_action=%2Fjournal_articles_paginator%2Fview&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_andOperator=true&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_groupId=13&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_searchArticleId=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_version=1.0&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_name=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_description=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_content=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_type=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_structureId=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_templateId=&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_status=approved&_114_INSTANCE_0Mlq_articleId=23941[/url]
第一个电子物理学的记录显示，野生三趾树懒比圈养的树懒每天少睡６个小时，是时候收回对树懒（sloth）的毁谤性评论了：事实上它们并不是所有的时间都在睡觉。树懒当然不是失眠症患者，新的脑记录仪显示，自然界中的树懒每天大概会小睡9.6小时左右。
之前研究人员认为树懒每天睡眠近16个小时。这个数据是基于对圈养树懒的脑电图（electroencephalograms , EEGs）研究，脑电图能测定睡眠时的脑部活动。但自然界中动物的睡眠时间可能不同，幸运的是可以将野生的树懒通过电线与笨重的脑电图仪联系起来。
瑞士苏黎世大学（University of Zürich）的神经生理学家Alexei Vyssotski对便携式EEG记录仪的引入起了一定的作用。这个仪器可以安装在动物头顶的髓盖上。细微的电线被安置在头皮下的皮肤里，从而可以检测脑电波，并将其输送到隐藏于EEG中的数据记录器。
德国施塔恩贝格马普鸟类学院（Max Planck Institute for Ornithology）的一个睡眠研究员Niels Rattenborg等人，在巴拿马捕获了三只褐喉三趾树懒（Bradypus variegates），并为其安装了小型EEG记录仪。平均每只树懒的安装时间约一小时。经过5天的追踪，研究人员取回数据记录器。 Rattenborg表示：“令我们惊奇的是它们每天仅睡9.5小时。”
圈养的动物睡眠时间比自然界中同类动物多的确切原因仍有待进一步研究。野生动物需要寻觅食物和躲避天敌的攻击可能是一个原因，或者圈养动物的厌烦或压抑情绪可能会增加其睡眠时间。同时作者也指出，进行脑电图记录的圈养树懒包括一些幼年的树懒，而这些幼年树懒在研究中可能需要比成年树懒更多的睡眠时间。
Rattenborg的研究小组在《生物学快报》（Biology Letters）上在线报道了他们的发现。他说这项技术可以准确测量野生动物所需的睡眠时间。和树懒一样，我们所知道的很多动物所具有的梳理毛发的习惯都来自于对其相应的圈养动物的研究。这些数据可能具有误导性，会对睡眠在人类和其它动物中的功能的研究产生阻碍。
麦迪逊威斯康辛大学（University of Wisconsin）的睡眠研究员Chiara Cirelli说，这项研究能够很好地证明从睡眠中的野生动物那里获得高质量的EEG数据是可行的。这个方法可能也可以被用于睡眠深度的测量。测量睡眠深度是理解睡眠功能的另一种方法。Cirelli. Rattenborg指出：“我们需要更多类似的研究。”他的研究小组已准备好面对下一个挑战：鸵鸟。
图片说明：睡眠中的树懒。新的数据显示，树懒睡眠的时间仅为先前认为的一半。
图片来源：Marcos Guerra, STRI
原文检索：
[url]http://www.sciencedaily.com[/url]
阳阳/编译
小词典：
中文名：树懒
英文名：sloth
名字来由:
哺乳动物的一种。外型略似猴，产于热带森林中。动作迟缓，常用爪倒挂在树枝上数小时不移动，故称。
特点：
树懒是唯一身上长有植物的野生动物，它虽然有脚但是却不能走路，靠前肢拖动身体前行，所以它要移动2公里的距离，需要用时1个月。但在水里它却是游泳健将，对于树懒来说最好的食物是低热量的树叶，吃上一点要用好几个小时来消化。
走得最慢的兽：
树懒科Bradypodidae包括三趾树懒Bradypus和二趾树懒Choloepus 两个属，每属因分类体系不同而各有一至数种，共5种。主要分布于中美和南美热带雨林。三趾树懒前后肢均三趾，二趾树懒后肢三趾而前肢二趾。二者颈椎数目也不相同，其中三趾树懒颈椎9枚，是哺乳动物中最多的，二趾树懒则和多数哺乳动物一样是7枚。
生存：
树懒并非没有天敌，但为何它依能生存呢？
1. 树懒的皮毛很密，一般能够防御中小食肉动物的抓咬；
2. 树懒的保护色很好，又是树上活动，天敌相对较少，且不易被发现。天敌捕食似乎只有美洲狮吃树懒。
3. 树懒的肉想必不好吃。这一点看着可笑，实则也是进化带来的利于生存的好处。一般色彩显著、缺少御敌手段的动物味道都会很差。捕食者不会耗费自己的能量去吃难吃的猎物。
4. 树懒的爪子很厉害，劲头很大，爪很锋利，也是防御手段。
综上所述，树懒的生存不会受到天敌的威胁。倒是人类破坏美洲森林会给树懒带来灭顶之灾。
更多阅读：[url]http://baike.baidu.com/view/31454.htm[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-7-19 02:51 PM 编辑 [/i]]
模特儿饮食研究
运动千差万别，天台模特儿猫步应该是其中的一种。这是一种身材要求苛刻却几乎没有运动量的运动，其饮食方案应当非常苛刻。
可以说，大多数模特儿是美丽着，健康着。但也有相当一部分模特儿因为饮食畸形导致厌食症等各种疾病。建议开展模特儿饮食研究，可以为饮食方式与体育定位研究提供一个典型案例。
附录是一些网上收录的条目，供大家参考
附录一 超级名模如何饮食：魔鬼身材食谱曝光
[url]http://health.sohu.com/68/44/harticle16714468.shtml[/url]
附录二 “名模食谱”
[url]http://z.baidu.com/question/28023926.html?fr=qrl3[/url]
附录三 「排骨仙」模特儿 使妇女「失自信」
[url]http://woman.zaobao.com/pages/women230600a.html[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-12-7 10:03 PM 编辑 [/i]]
Beyond Sloth--Physical Activity and Weight Gain
Why do some individuals gain weight in response to overeating, whereas others do not? A study in this week's issue by Levine et al as attached. , discussed in the Perspective by Ravussin and Danforth, suggests that differences in fat gain can be accounted for by the energy expended in nonvoluntary physical activities such as fidgeting and maintenance of posture, termed nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). The underlying mechanism that allows humans to activate NEAT in response to overeating will require further study.骨质疏松
一般建议通过运动来防止骨质疏松，但对文献的严格考证说明（Vuori 2001）High-intensity loading is osteogenic and possibly useful in prevention of osteoporosis (OP) (Category A) at the loaded site, but low to moderate loading is not osteogenic (Category D). Static efforts and slow movements are ineffective or less effective than fast application of force (Category B). The types of physical activity (PA) to attain the effects mentioned above are known, but dose-response relationships are poorly known; at best, semiquantitatively on the basis of just a few studies.
运动员从事高强度负荷运动当然可以防止骨质疏松（Lynch et al 2007），但普通人是难以完成的。
严格素食（不吃任何动物性食品）有骨质疏松的危险（Smith 2006）
The findings gathered consistently support the hypothesis that vegans do have lower bone mineral density than their non-vegan counterparts.
但普通素食者可以降低骨质疏松的危险（Leitzmann 2005）
In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis.
进一步的研究表明（Ströhle et al 2006），
Based on the evidence criteria of the WHO/FAO, cancer risk reduction by a high intake of vegetables and fruits is assessed as probable or possible, while a lowered risk of cardiovascular disease is convincing and a lowered risk of osteoporosis is probable.
饮食方式对骨质疏松的影响可能与血液有关。素食者的血液特性优于杂食者，但严格素食者的血液中可能缺少防止骨质疏松必须的营养。
树懒虽然基本不运动，但它抓树抓得很紧，以致于研究人员无法将树懒与树分开，只能将整个树枝锯下来（见附件）。
参考文献
Leitzmann C. 2005. Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages? Forum Nutr. 2005;(57):147-56. Review.
Lynch NA, Ryan AS, Evans J, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP. 2007. Older elite football players have reduced cardiac and osteoporosis risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Jul;39(7):1124-30.
Smith AM. 2006. Veganism and osteoporosis: a review of the current literature. Int J Nurs Pract. 2006 Oct;12(5):302-6.
Ströhle A, Waldmann A, Wolters M, Hahn A. 2006. Vegetarian nutrition: Preventive potential and possible risks. Part 1: Plant foods. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2006 Oct;118(19-20):580-93. Review.
Vuori IM. 2001. Dose-response of physical activity and low back pain, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Jun;33(6 Suppl):S551-86; discussion 609-10. Review.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-12-10 05:10 PM 编辑 [/i]]
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
AD是一种典型得老年痴呆。一般建议通过运动来预防（Marx 2005）。值得指出的是，如果存在缺血损伤，运动会使病情恶化（Eggermont et al 2006）。动物实验表明，通过限制热量(caloric restriction, CR)就可以预防AD（Qin et al 2006, Halagappa et al 2007）:
Qin et al 2006: 30%CR
Halagappa et al 2007: 40% CR or deprived of food for 24 h every other day.
当然，食物剥夺的时间不能太长，否则也有可能引起AD（Yanagisawa et al 1999）.
看来AD也是一种饮食方式与行为方式失配的产物。值得注意的是，AD的发病率随着年龄的增长而增长，一旦被确诊就没有治疗办法。看来，为了不变成老呆瓜，选择与行为方式匹配的饮食方式是唯一正确的道路。
参考文献
Eggermont L, Swaab D, Luiten P, Scherder E. 2006. Exercise, cognition and Alzheimer's disease: more is not necessarily better. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(4):562-75. Regional hypoperfusion, associated with a reduction in cerebral metabolism, is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to cognitive decline. Cerebral perfusion and hence cognition can be enhanced by exercise. The present review describes first how the effects of exercise on cerebral perfusion in AD are mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and tissue-type plasminogen activator, the release of which is regulated by NO. A conclusion of clinical relevance is that exercise may not be beneficial for the cognitive functioning of all people with dementia if cardiovascular risk factors are present. The extent to which cardiovascular risk factors play a role in the selection of older people with dementia in clinical studies will be addressed in the second part of the review in which the effects of exercise on cognition are presented. Only eight relevant studies were found in the literature, emphasizing the paucity of studies in this field. Positive effects of exercise on cognition were reported in seven studies, including two that excluded and two that included patients with cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest that cardiovascular risk factors do not necessarily undo the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition in cognitively impaired people. Further research is called for, in view of the limitations of the clinical studies reviewed here.
Halagappa VK, Guo Z, Pearson M, Matsuoka Y, Cutler RG, Laferla FM, Mattson MP. 2007. Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2007 Apr;26(1):212-20. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function associated with the neuropathological hallmarks amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Because aging is the major risk factor for AD, and dietary energy restriction can retard aging processes in the brain, we tested the hypothesis that two different energy restriction regimens, 40% calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) can protect against cognitive decline in the triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTgAD mice). Groups of 3xTgAD mice were maintained on an ad libitum control diet, or CR or IF diets, beginning at 3 months of age. Half of the mice in each diet group were subjected to behavioral testing (Morris swim task and open field apparatus) at 10 months of age and the other half at 17 months of age. At 10 months 3xTgAD mice on the control diet exhibited reduced exploratory activity compared to non-transgenic mice and to 3xTgAD mice on CR and IF diets. Overall, there were no major differences in performance in the water maze among genotypes or diets in 10-month-old mice. In 17-month-old 3xTgAD mice the CR and IF groups exhibited higher levels of exploratory behavior, and performed better in both the goal latency and probe trials of the swim task, compared to 3xTgAD mice on the control diet. 3xTgAD mice in the CR group showed lower levels of Abeta1-40, Abeta1-42 and phospho-tau in the hippocampus compared to the control diet group, whereas Abeta and phospho-tau levels were not decreased in 3xTgAD mice in the IF group. IF may therefore protect neurons against adverse effects of Abeta and tau pathologies on synaptic function. We conclude that CR and IF dietary regimens can ameliorate age-related deficits in cognitive function by mechanisms that may or may not be related to Abeta and tau pathologies.
Marx J. 2005. Neuroscience. Preventing Alzheimer's: a lifelong commitment? Science. 2005 Aug 5;309(5736):864-6(见附件).
Qin W, Chachich M, Lane M, Roth G, Bryant M, de Cabo R, Ottinger MA, Mattison J, Ingram D, Gandy S, Pasinetti GM. 2006. Calorie restriction attenuates Alzheimer's disease type brain amyloidosis in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Dec;10(4):417-22. Recent studies from our laboratories and others suggest that calorie restriction (CR) may benefit Alzheimer's disease (AD) by preventing amyloid-beta (Abeta) neuropathology in the mouse models of AD. Moreover, we found that promotion of the NAD+-dependent SIRT1 mediated deacetylase activity, a key regulator in CR extension of life span, may be a mechanism by which CR influences AD-type neuropathology. In this study we continued to explore the role of CR in AD-type brain amyloidosis in Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Monkeys were maintained on the normal and CR diets throughout the entire lifespan until they died of natural causes. We found that 30% CR resulted in reduced contents of Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 peptides in the temporal cortex of Squirrel monkeys, relative to control (CON) fed monkeys. The decreased contents of cortical Abeta peptide inversely correlated with SIRT1 protein concentrations in the same brain region; no detectable change in total full-length amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) level was found. Most interestingly, we found that 30% CR resulted in a select elevation of alpha- but not beta- or gamma- secretase activity which coincided with decreased ROCK1 protein content in the same brain region, relative to CON group. Collectively, the study suggests that investigation of the role of CR in non-human primates may provide a valuable approach for further clarifying the role of CR in AD.
Yanagisawa M, Planel E, Ishiguro K, Fujita SC. 1999. Starvation induces tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse brain: implications for Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Lett. 1999 Nov 19;461(3):329-33. Hyperphosphorylated tau is the major component of paired helical filaments in neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease brains, and tau hyperphosphorylation is thought to be a critical event in the pathogenesis of this disease. The objective of this study was to reproduce tau hyperphosphorylation in an animal model by inducing hypoglycemia. Food deprivation of mice for 1 to 3 days progressively enhanced tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus, to a lesser extent in the cerebral cortex, but the effect was least in the cerebellum, in correspondence with the regional selectivity of tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease. This hyperphosphorylation was reversible by refeeding for 1 day. We discuss possible mechanisms of this phenomenon, and propose the starved mouse as a simple model to study in vivo tau phosphorylation and dephosphorylation which are altered in Alzheimer's disease.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-12-10 09:24 PM 编辑 [/i]]
冬眠的黑熊
黑熊：冬眠，没有食物或水，时间110天人类：卧床，平衡膳食，时间90天
Lohuis等人（2007）的研究表明，黑熊骨骼肌强度下降大约为人的一半，但收缩特性不变。进一步的研究表明，黑熊冬眠时骨形成等其他生理参数也表现出很好的抗疲劳效应。
冬眠黑熊的抗疲劳能力显然高于平衡膳食的卧床人类。
从这个研究可以推论，人类如果选择与卧床相适应的饮食，可以提高骨骼肌的抗疲劳能力，如果进一步节制热量，也许可以进一步提高抗疲劳能力。
这个研究也许为度假的运动员找到一种抑制运动水平下降的办法。
参考文献
Lohuis TD, Harlow HJ, Beck TD, Iaizzo PA. 2007. Hibernating bears conserve muscle strength and maintain fatigue resistance. Physiol Biochem Zool. 2007 May-Jun;80(3):257-69. Black bears spend several months each winter confined to a small space within their den without food or water. In nonhibernating mammals, these conditions typically result in severe muscle atrophy, causing a loss of strength and endurance. However, an initial study indicated that bears appeared to conserve strength while denning. We conducted an in vivo, nonsubjective measurement of strength, resistance to fatigue, and contractile properties on the tibialis anterior muscle of six hibernating bears during both early and late winter using a rigid leg brace and foot force plate. After 110 d of anorexia and confinement, skeletal muscle strength loss in hibernating bears was about one-half that in humans confined to bed rest. Bears lost 29% of muscle strength over 110 d of denning without food, while humans on a balanced diet but confined to bed for 90 d have been reported to lose 54% of their strength. Additionally, muscle contractile properties, including contraction time, half-relaxation time, half-maximum value time, peak rate of development and decay, time to peak force development, and time to peak force decay did not change, indicating that no small-scale alterations in whole-muscle function occurred over the winter. This study further supports our previous findings that black bears have a high resistance to atrophy despite being subjected to long-term anorexia and limited mobility.
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2007-12-17 05:03 PM 编辑 [/i]]
李敖语录
我体育不好，我一直认为锻炼身体是浪费生命，杰克。伦敦说过，有些人为了长寿，锻炼身体，浪费了很多生命。[url]http://news.tom.com/1020/1022/2005923-2498181.html[/url]
热量限制抑制骨骼肌功能的衰老
根据(calorie restriction[Title/Abstract] OR glucose deprivation[Title/Abstract] OR food deprivation[Title/Abstract]) AND muscle function[Title/Abstract]可以在PubMed上查到以下三篇论文。他们的研究表明，热量限制可以抑制衰老引起的骨骼肌功能衰退。这为运动员停训期间抑制骨骼肌结构和功能的衰退提供了思路。当然，是否可行有待直接研究的进一步证实。Mayhew M, Renganathan M, Delbono O. 1998. Effectiveness of caloric restriction in preventing age-related changes in rat skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Oct 9;251(1):95-9.
Miller RA, Bookstein F, Van der Meulen J, Engle S, Kim J, Mullins L, Faulkner J. 1997. Candidate biomarkers of aging: age-sensitive indices of immune and muscle function covary in genetically heterogeneous mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997 Jan;52(1):B39-47.
Payne AM, Dodd SL, Leeuwenburgh C. 2003. Life-long calorie restriction in Fischer 344 rats attenuates age-related loss in skeletal muscle-specific force and reduces extracellular space. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Dec;95(6):2554-62. 呵呵，太经典了刘老师。
[url]http://news.tom.com/1020/1022/2005923-2498181.html[/url]
热量限制增强认知能力
利用(calorie restriction[Title/Abstract] OR glucose deprivation[Title/Abstract] OR food deprivation[Title/Abstract]) AND (Morris[Title/Abstract] OR maze[Title/Abstract])可以在PubMed检索热量限制对认知功能的影响。下面的摘要报道，长期热量限制可以增强记忆力：Hashimoto T, Watanabe S. 2005. Chronic food restriction enhances memory in mice--analysis with matched drive levels. Neuroreport. 2005 Jul 13;16(10):1129-33.
We compared the effects of chronic and acute food deprivation on learning and memory using a dry-type water maze, active avoidance and passive avoidance in C57BL/6L mice. The drive level of the animals--under acute and chronic food deprivation--was matched by a progressive ratio schedule. Both deprivations led to a high degree of activity in the animals; however, the animals on an acute dietary restriction did not exhibit a significantly better performance than those on ad libitum feeding, while those on a chronic food deprivation exhibited memory enhancement. These effects were subtle and were found at a later stage of learning. These findings suggest that chronic food restriction induces memory consolidation or resistance to memory reduction in addition to increased activity.
Health-promoting schools (HPSs)
Xia 等人（2004）的研究表明，营养是建立健康促进学校的有效切入点。Nutrition can effectively serve as an entry point to establish HPS
Shi-Chang X, Xin-Wei Z, Shui-Yang X, Shu-Ming T, Sen-Hai Y, Aldinger C, Glasauer P. (Free Full Text). 2004. Creating health-promoting schools in China with a focus on nutrition. Health Promot Int. 2004 Dec;19(4):409-18. [url]http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/4/409[/url]
附录一 健康促进学校模式
[url]http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=zgjkjy200403021[/url]
[[i] 本帖最后由 刘承宜 于 2008-1-7 11:09 AM 编辑 [/i]]
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
The six relevant dietary guidelines are(a) eat a variety of foods;
(b) balance the food you eat with physical activity -- maintain or improve your weight;
(c) choose a diet with plenty of grain products, vegetables, and fruits;
(d) choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol;
(e) choose a diet moderate in sugars; and
(f) choose a diet moderate in salt and sodium.
[No authors listed]. 1996. (Free Full Text). Guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy eating. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996 Jun 14;45(RR-9):1-41. [url]http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00042446.htm[/url]
饮食模式内稳态
中外研究均表明（Wang et al 2002），从孩童到青春期，饮食模式基本不变。遗憾的是，两个时期的生理特征尤其是活动量发生了巨大的变化，这里隐藏着饮食与活动不相匹配所引起的疾病隐患，当然，这里体育活动量的平衡可能扮演了重要的角色，孩童时代体育活动量较大，而青春期体育活动量减少。Wang Y, Bentley ME, Zhai F, Popkin BM. 2002. (Free Full Text). Tracking of dietary intake patterns of Chinese from childhood to adolescence over a six-year follow-up period. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):430-8. [url]http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/430[/url]
自我效能与健康饮食显著相关
Systematic participation in physical activities appeared to be accompanied with a relatively healthier diet, while self-efficacy had a significant association with maintaining the healthy eating behaviors.Bebetsos E, Chroni S, Theodorakis Y. 2002. Physically active students' intentions and self-efficacy towards healthy eating. Psychol Rep. 2002 Oct;91(2):485-95.
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